I'm reading a book chapter by Peter Stadler from 2002 called Landscapes and Effective Fitness [1]. It has this absolutely gorgeous figure:
I love it. But just before this figure he has this equation:
However, I reiterate (and is why I'm reading the chapter) that this figure of a genotype-phenotype-fitness map is super cool.There are many more different genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) than there are different phenotypes (the combined physical attributes of the organism). This must be so, because we now know that each trait is affected by many genes; it takes more than one gene to make a trait (there may be exceptions where only one gene encodes a trait).
The figure is a conceptual map, but real g-p mapping is sort of the holy grail in evolutionary biology at the moment. With a real map like in hand evolutionary dynamics can be predicted, and we will be able to say which genetic changes are required to change the phenotype. However, realistically we can only map a very small portion of the genotype on to the phenotype, and there even seems to be some confusion about what the proper answer is to the question of what the genotype-phenotype map looks like. Hopefully the answer won't be too mathy...
References
[1] Peter F. Stadler, & Christopher R. Stephens (2003). Landscapes and Effective Fitness Comm. Theor. Biol DOI: 10.1080/08948550302439
[20] A testable genotype-phenotype map: Modeling evolution of RNA molecules. In: Lässig, M. and Valleriani, A., editors, Biological Evolution and Statistical Physics, pp. 56–83. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002.
I echo your sentiments: That's a gorgeous figure, conceptually.
ReplyDelete"There are many more different genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) than there are different phenotypes (the combined physical attributes of the organism). This must be so, because we now know that each trait is affected by many genes; it takes more than one gene to make a trait (there may be exceptions where only one gene encodes a trait)."
ReplyDeleteThere's a more profound implication there. Many more different genotypes than phenotypes means many genotypes code for the same phenotype. Many solutions to the same problem = robustness.
Yes, there is of course robustness in that redundancy. Thanks for pointing that out.
ReplyDeleteThe set notation is not annoying to read if you've had years of math training. If you see tens of those everyday, reading them becomes second nature, kinda like how regular reading was slow and painful at first (when we were, say, 5), but it was much easier at 10. Is it reasonable for everyone to be fluent in math notation? That's up for debate, but I don't think so. I don't think the author is fluent himself, since the set-builder condition doesn't have proper syntax (for starters, the universal quantifier is in the wrong place).
ReplyDeleteAnyways, the g-p map diagram is gorgeous.